A touch screen is an electronic
visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the
display area. The term generally refers to touching the display of the device
with a finger or hand. Touchscreens can also sense other passive objects, such
as a stylus. Touchscreens are common in devices such as game consoles,
all-in-one computers, tablet computers, and smartphones .
The touchscreen has two main
attributes. First, it enables one to interact directly with what is displayed,
rather than indirectly with a pointer controlled by a mouse or touchpad.
Secondly, it lets one do so without requiring any intermediate device that would
need to be held in the hand (other than a stylus, which is optional for most
modern touchscreens). Such displays can be attached to computers, or to
networks as terminals. They also play a prominent role in the design of digital
appliances such as the personal digital assistant (PDA), satellite navigation
devices, mobile phones, and video games.
The first touch screen was a
capacitive touch screen developed by E.A. Johnson at the Royal Radar
Establishment, Malvern, UK. The inventor briefly described his work in a short
article published in 1965 and then more fully - along with photographs and
diagrams - in an article published in 1967. A description of the applicability
of the touch technology for air traffic control was described in an article
published in 1968.
Touch screens are
popular in the hospitality field, and in heavy industry, as well as kiosks such
as museum displays or room automation, where keyboard and mouse systems do not
allow a suitably intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the
display's content.
Resistive
Touch Screen
A Resistive Touch Screen panel
comprises several layers, the most important of which are two thin, transparent
electrically-resistive layers separated by a thin space.
These layers face each other, with a
thin gap between. One resistive layer is a coating on the underside of the top
surface of the screen. Just beneath it is a similar resistive layer on top of
its substrate. One layer has conductive connections along its sides, the other
along top and bottom.
Capacitive:
A capacitive touch screen panel
consists of an insulator such as glass, coated with a transparent conductor
such as indium tin oxide (ITO). As the human body is also an electrical
conductor, touching the surface of the screen results in a distortion of the
screen's electrostatic field, measurable as a change in capacitance. Different
technologies may be used to determine the location of the touch.The location is
then sent to the controller for processing. Unlike a resistive touch screen,
one cannot use a capacitive touch screen through most types of electrically
insulating material, such as gloves; one requires a special capacitive stylus,
or a special-application glove with an embroidered patch of conductive thread
passing through it and contacting the user's fingertip. This disadvantage
especially affects usability in consumer electronics, such
as touch tablet PCs and
capacitive smart phones in cold weather.
Existing
work on Touch Systems:
Touch screens have subsequently become
familiar in everyday life. Companies use touch screens for kiosk systems in
retail and tourist settings, point of sale systems, ATMs, and PDAs, where a
stylus is sometimes used to manipulate the GUI and to enter data.
The popularity of smart
phone’s , tablet computers, portable video game consoles and many
types of information appliances is driving the demand and acceptance of common
touch screens, for portable and functional electronics. With a display of a
simple smooth surface, and direct interaction without any hardware (keyboard or
mouse) between the user and content, fewer accessories are required.
Resistive touch is used in
restaurants, factories and hospitals due to its high resistance to liquids and
contaminants. A major benefit of resistive touch technology is its low cost.
Disadvantages include the need to press down, and a risk of damage by sharp
objects. Resistive touch screens also suffer from poorer contrast, due to
having additional reflections from the extra layer of material placed over the
screen.
A Capacitive stylus is a special
type of stylus that works on capacitive touch screens primarily designed for
fingers, as on iPhone and most Android devices. They are
different from standard styli designed for resistive touch screens.
According to a report by ABI Research, styli are especially needed in China for handwriting recognition because of the nature of its writing system.
Resistive touch screen technology
works well with almost any stylus-like object, and can also be operated with
gloved fingers and bare fingers alike. In some circumstances, this is more
desirable than a capacitive touch screen, which has to be operated with a
capacitive pointer, such as a bare finger (gloves will not work on capacitive
touch screens). The costs are relatively low when compared with active
touchscreen technologies. Resistive touchscreen technology can be made to
support multi-touch input.
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